1. Research Motives and Objectives

In the wake of a changing, international community, public policy has become a major topic of discussion for governments when considering present and future undertakings. The ever increasing complexity of public affairs, and rapid expansion in how a government functions, brings a diverse number of problems policy makersmust face, and, through no lack of effort on their part, its not possible for them to take everything into consideration. In order to supplement bias shown by the individual, I hope to integrate systems implementing expert knowledge and information technology to support policy makers in arriving at optimum decisions in an environment full of risk and uncertainty.

Future society will be an information society, and Japanese futurologist Zeng-Tian Mi-Er in his book “Managing In the Information Society”, predicts the future information society will be an equal society of citizen participation, information sharing and division of labor (translated by You Wan-Juan, 1984). In pace with the integration and universal application of computers and communication technology, anation’s overall strength will rely heavily on its ability to put information to good use. President Kennedy’s, political advisor, T.C. Sorensen, once said: “Intellectual Interaction between many people far exceeds an individual’s intuition in inspiring thoughts (Sorensen, 1963:59).” 1978 economics Nobel prize winner Simon, in his momentous work ”Administrative Behavior”, considered modern government policy to be nothing but a product of “group consultation” (Simon, 1976). Therefore, the main objective of this dissertation is to conceive a”Group Support System” workable in a public policy decision process. Hopefully, this will promote communication, coordnation, information striking a common objective – supporting policy makers formulating policy alternatives, consolidating policy analysis skills, enhancing policy efficiency and quality, finding the optimum government policy and solving policy problems.

2. Research Framework and Methods

1. Research Framework

The framework of this research paper can be looked at from two perspectives: the vertical perspective defines the public policy decision process into several divisions — form of policy problem, policy planning policy evaluation and policy implementation; the horizontal perspective examines the problem by relating several different functional modules. The operating system is thus designed with this framework in mind, see Diagram 1.

2.  Research Methods

The research methods used in mis dissertation are listed as follows:

(1) Referenced Literature

Major decision theory models related to public policy making and research models on group support systems. Analysis of research developments on related group support systems and motivation from later Researchers

(2) Computer Simulation

Using computer simulation, analyzing how group support systems can be put to use in the process of public policy decision making — the conditions supporting policy making at every stage in the group support system from the form of policy problem, policy planning, policy implementation to policy assessment. The “Public Policy Making Group Support System” formulated in this research paper was established by carrying out analysis on, via computer simulation, sorting, statistics compiling and data recording/filing of data collections, classification coding, data and knowledge bases, etc.

(3) Analytical Hierarchy Process

The major function of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is to solve complex policy problems. As proposed by US Operations Research specialist, Thomas L. Saaty, in 1971, AHP is a system decision analytical model, mainly employed where multi-criteria decisions apply (Saaty, 1980). The steps involved in its application are : (1) define the problem, (2) identify the criteria, (3) structure the hierarchy, (4) construct a pair-wise comparison matrix, (5) obtain all judgment, (6) calculate priority vectors value and overall priority vectors, (7) evaluate consistency.

(4) Multi-attribute Utility Analysis

Multi-attribute Utility Analysis (MAUT), a resources distribution and decision making method for policy alternatives, originating from the “Bayesian Decision Method”. Theoretical policy alternatives have the following basic attributes:

(a) Comparison between policy alternatives (b) Any policy must take responsibility for citizens or diversified groups and their different benefits. © Policy alternatives generally have multi-objectives, with different levels of importance affixed to each objective. (d) Inter-policy alternatives must make subjective judgments. (e) Subjective judgment policy, policy alternatives and objective scaling are indicated by means of number or position. (f) Assessment results of a subjective judgment becomes a choice for making a policy decision (Ke San-Ji, 1991).

3. System Analysis and Design

Similar to building a house, the construction of any information system is a complex and substantial undertaking, and, similarly, needs a variety of tools, technology and a scheduled operations plan in order to complete. Implementing the development of an information system requires a decision on the most suitable and efficient methods to deploy, and normally includes the utilization of software engineering. Research advancement in this area has given information system

developers the following courses of research to follow:

(a) System analysis attacks the cmx of a problem by researching its cause, moreover. it ascertains the system’s objective, requirements, handling procedure and operating methods, whereby it drafts various solutions to solving the problem. The major tool adopted in this phase is the data flow diagram (DFD), providing a general outline of the information system, utilizing data structure to set forth the objective’s attributes, and making use of algorithms to detail each operating process.

(b) System Design: The objective of systems analysis is to decompose a large problem into a group of related individual bodies, thereby understanding the central problem. While the objective of system design is to assemble the work process, that is, researching on how to design the computer system so that it produces several smaller programs, then combining these into a working module that is capable of completing the prescribed objective. Appropriate use of structured design techniques can prolong the program’s usefulness. Moreover, making use of modular programming helps in applying both singular and comprehensive testing of the system, as well as establishing a more coherent program basis.

© System implementation – Assessment criteria that must be considered when the system is running are: how to meet schedule requirements, budget requirements and performance requirements (Rosenau, 1986). The most common tool used in mis phase is Project Management.

Apart from the three phases described above, from an information management system’s point of view, some scholars hold the opinion that a fourth phase should be added: installation and training, in order to deliver realistic results, support an organization’s activities and achieve objectives (Chang Feng-Hsiung, 1990)

1 System Analysis

The author used the above described software engineering development process to conceive a realistic group support information system methodology, and, from a system analysis perspective, interpret the system’s central principle. The system operates through two major elements: the vertical element has as its basis the three main phases – form of policy problem, policy planning, policy implementation and evaluation. Each phase operates, according to function or module requirements, on a parallel plane in assisting the database, knowledge and rules base, inference engine

or control procedure

From a modularization perspective, system operation flow composes of the following modules:

(1) Public Policy Issue Base Module

The issue base module is one addressed in the earlier handling stages (the other one being Module 2 – Expert Personal Database), responsible for pre-coding, classification and the storing of public policy issues in the issue database. The coding and database are focal points of the system design. Coding handles classification, problem definition and serial numbering, further processing is then carried out in me database — registering, categorizing, compiling statistics and storage. The optimum time for utilizing the issue base is when collecting information from the issue database, re-implementing an inference or deciding on a new policy, see diagram 2.

(2) Expert Personal Data Base Module

This is the second module addressed in the earlier handling stages of the whole operating system, its two major operations being: collecting and categorizing experts’ and scholars’ personal data, and the translation and registering of all opinions expressed by experts and scholars. The former operation is important in designing the database system, the latter in translation and establishment of a knowledge base system, see diagram 3.

(3) Group Inference Module

This module holds the key to the whole system. A list of experts or scholars, most suited to participate in a specifically designated issue from module 1, is established by the module 2 database. A filtering process is carried out, and the expert name list indexed. From the knowledge base (established by module 2), all related viewpoints expressed by these experts are sought and displayed. Using these opinions as reference, through further singling out by researchers or knowledge engineers, a list of the experts’ opinions is made. The computer collates the expert’s opinions and approves the right persons for the issue involved, see diagram 4.

(4) Group Decision Module

After collecting and sorting the opinions obtained from module 3, the analytic hierarchy process takes affect, deciding on each opinion’s level of relative importance, this becoming source criteria for policy makers, staff officers or reference material. The focal point c made from the knowledge base the researchers to reference in the design of policy alternatives. Finally, in order to meet the policy alternative’s objective, multi-attribute utility analysis is employed in selecting the optimum policy alternative, providing policy makers with important reference material. The focal point of this module’s design is its outline of selections made from the knowledge base, the AHP computing process and its compilation of statistical results, see diagram 5

(5) Monitoring and Learning Module

Once a policy is selected, this module’s first responsibility is handling the input of implementation assessment criteria for this policy, this acting as reference for monitoring purposes. This phase merely records the file on disc. The module’s next responsibility, during policy implementation, is the periodic or non-periodic input of policy implementation feedback data and the saving of this data on disc. Finally, a comparison is made between the predicted policy objective and actual accomplished objective, compiling any discrepancies found. This is then translated and stored in the knowledge base, becoming reference material for making decisions on future, related issues, see diagram 6.

2. System Design

This -’Public Policy Making Group Support System”, from a system and pragmatic perspective, is a modular design concept, integration the design process and illustrating of each hierarchy module.

(1) Modular Concept

This so-called module design is a top-down design method, whereby the system’s functions are categorized. Initially, the system is divided into several major categories, then, these major categories are further divided into smaller modular

functions, meticulously dividing into ever-finer utilities until every module has been broken down into its most simple and pure form. After completing this division process, all segments are linked together according to a hierarchy functional relationship forming a hierarchy diagram. The modular design concept of this “Public “Policy Making Group Support System” can be seen in diagram 7.

(2) Group Inference Engine Design

The inference engine comprises of numerous operating rules and principles, capable of inferring a rational conclusion from knowing how to make use of the knowledge base and from the data and knowledge extracted from the knowledge base The inference engine is a rules translator, it helps allocate the extracted knowledge to solving the problem. The following steps were adopted in the design of this group inference engine:

1. Coding experts and their disciplines

2. Selecting suitable experts: Based on contents of the policy issue, select suitable experts to carry out group inference

3 .Collecting expert listed data: After choosing suitable experts from the above tw individual experts’ political ideas and compile stati identical to “Policy Delphi”, the most important par of experts’ opinions.

(3) Group Decision System Design1. Analytic Hierarchy Process: The main purpose of this analytic hierarchy process is the solving of complex policy problems, for operations flow diagram see diagram 8

2. Producing Policy Alternative After AHP analysis, calculate the standard policy decision priority vectors, and determine the overall priority vector. If the policy decision

problem is relatively complex, establish several goals and criteria at different levels under the policy decision objective. First, make use of AHP to ascertain individual and overall standard policy decision priority vectors, and, after deliberation, propose policy alternatives, proceeding with multi-attribute utility analysis (MAUT) to find the optimal policy alternative. When making policy decisions, this becomes the recommended policy alternative.

4, Conclusion

1. Research

The most important objective of this entire research project was to utilize information technology to support group experts in their public policy decision making, and combining group support systems, expert systems and artificial knowledge to establish a “Public Policy Group Support System”. Ultimately, the conceived system assists in case analysis and the searching out of a policy issue to implement hands-on policy decision simulation, as well as providing a detailed explanation of the system’s operating procedure, testing and verifying feasibility Moreover, me system’s internal sequential recorder is capable of recording even process in the operation, which can be play back later, providing users a review on every process in its policy making decisions.  In the design of this system, apart from using the concept of modularization and consideration of the system’s later functional expansion, thought was also given to the user-friendliness of the operating interface. The system was, therefore, programmed for use in MS-Windows, using a diverse selection of data to display a variety of graphs, text, sound, images, etc. allowing users to easily and quickly understand the operating procedure. Therefore, this system has flexibility in its functional expansion capabilities, as well as being extremely user-friendly.

2. Major Contribution

(1) Introducing the concept of a group support system (GSS) to the public policy domain; (2) Establishing a “Public Policy Making Public Policy Making Group Support System” theoretical model;(3) Synchronous integration of GSS, ES and AI Information Technology to support public policy making; (4) Introducing monitoring and learning concept to a system 3. Recommendations on Future Research Developments

(1)Information Technology

1. In pace with the growing worldwide internet and national information infrastructure technology, there’s a huge potential to develop and bring into full play the maximum utilization of Group Support Systems. 2. Research on interface technology and attentive development on “hand-writing recognition systems” and “speech input” to assist in the operation of group support systems.

3. Integration of expert systems and group knowledge bases to group support systems.

4. Artificial intelligence will be one of the future major industries, and its development will assist in strengthening the learning ability of group support systems

2) Establishing Experimental and Control Groups

1. Examining discrepancy between use and non-use of a group support system. Decision quality, policy efficiency, benefit-cost analysis, cost-effectiveness, member satisfaction, degree of communication and information sharing, etc. are all worthy of further research.

2. Influence of group size to group support systems

(3) Public Policy Aspect

1. Establish public policy Thinks

2. Provide new insights into traditional policy making processes, rebuilding the policy-making procedure.

Bibliography

1. Chinese References

Compiled by Wang Xuan: 1993 Software Design Methods. Taipei: Ru-LinPublishing Book Company. 1st editionCompiled by Shi Cmm-Yi, Lin Yao-Rui, Chang Bo: 1992 Expert Systems:Principles and Applications. Taipei: Ru-Lin Publishing Book Company. 1st edition

WuDing: 1991 Public Policy. Taipei: Hua-Shi Culture Publishig Company 1st edition

Ke San-Ji: 1991 Public Policy, Politics and Economics – Collection of PapersTaipei: Shi-Ying Publishing Company.

Compiled by Chang Feng-Hsiong: Latest System Analysis and Design. Taipei: Song-Kang Computer Book Publishers. 1st edition

Tseng Tian-Mi-Er, Translator: You Wan-Juan: 1994  The Information Global  CompanyVillage. Taipei: Tian-Xia Publishin

2. English References

DeSanctis, G., & Gallupe, R. B.: 1987    “A Foundation for the Study of Group Decision Support Systems”. Management Science, No.5.

Dror, Yehezkel: 1974    Public Policmaking  Reexammed. New York: Chardlcr Publishing Co.

Dunn, William S.: 1994  Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc. Jessup, Leonard, M & Joseph, S. Valacich Ed. : 1993 Group Support Systems: NewPerspectives. New York: Macmillan Publishing Corn.

Rosenau, D. Milton & Marsha D. Lewin: 1986 Software Project Management:step By Step. Wadsworth, Inc.

Saaty, Thomas L.: 1980 The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning Priority,Resource Allocation. N. Y: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Simon, Herbert A.: 1976 Administrative Behavior: A Study ofDecision-M;Process in Administrative Organization. 3rd ed. New YorkMacmillan.

Sorensen, Theodore C.: 1963 Decision-Making in the White House. New YorkColumbia University Press

Winston, P. H:1984 Artificial Intelligence. Addison-Weslcy Publishing Company, 2nd Ed.

Yourdon & Constantine: 1976Structured Design. N. Y : Yourdon, me

The Influence of temperament on woman’s fashion style Henry T. Yeh, Institute of Management, Ching Yun University 229 Chien-Hsin Road, Jung Li, Taiwan 320, R.O.C. Lisa Jeanne Kloetzli, School of Fashion Design Southwest International University 1102 Fairview Ave., Arcadia, CA 91007, U.S.A. Abstract The temperament model, first articulated by Hippocrates, state the existence of four temperaments-Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic, and Phlegmatic – as the core of a person and the lens through which the person views life. Fashion style, the clothing we wear, is an intimate form of communication about oneself. Therefore, it follows that temperament would be expressed in the way we clothe ourselves. The hypothesis then is that there are consistencies between women’s temperament and their fashion style, between their way of looking and life and their attitudes and priorities in the clothing selection process. The sub-hypothesis is that women who have an above average level of interest in fashion have attitudes and actions regarding fashion styles that may go beyond the natural inclination of their dominant temperaments. The 63 female respondents aged 21-60 completed a Style Profile and a Personality Profile. The data were analyzed for the group as a whole and then for the subset of women especially interested in fashion. The results showed that 22.8% of the respondents had the same dominant and secondary temperaments in both their Personality Profiles and Style Profiles. And 66.7% of the respondents had one either the same dominant or secondary temperament in both profiles. In the comparison of Group 1 and Group 2, the fashion-oriented group, in 37% of the items. Group 2’s scores were higher than Group 1. Keywords: Temperament; Fashion design Article outline 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose of study 1.2 The research question 1.3 Subsidiary question 1.4 Description of terms 1. Introduction Clothing is extremely important in our existence – not only for the basic function of coverage, but on a personal level as well as culturally. Though clothes may seem like an extraneous matter, they have entered into the very core of our existence as social beings. (Flugel, 1930) Clothing is likened to our second skin and one of the most intimate ways we express ourselves. (Heaton, 1997) It is our nearest environment and over which we have the most control. (Heaton) Much has been written and discussed about the role of clothing, sociologically, and the messages that clothing sends. In Style in Costume, Laver states, “Clothes are inevitable. They are nothing less than the furniture of the mind made visible.” (Lurie, 1981, p. 31) And from Jacques Worth (1927), “There are as many lines of character in your clothes as in the palm of your left hand.” (Vogue Patterns, 1996, p. 3). In 1930, Flugel wrote that clothes not only permit, but demand treatment from the psychologist, and it was the absence of such treatment from our systematic handbooks and psychology that requires excuse and explanation. Since then, particularly in the 1970s in the United States, more attention has been given to the role of appearance and the many ways it can be changed. John Molloy’s Dress for Success (1976) was a key instrument in directing awareness to appearance management and its counterpart, appearance perception. Clothing remains the most basic tool for expression and is a powerful symbol in defining or representing our realities. (Kaiser, 1997, p. 42) It may be difficult to think of a time or situation when one is not conscious of creating an image with appearance. The increased awareness and discussion of the impact of clothing and clothing as a tool to be used for intentional manipulation may lead could suggest that it is impossible to get to the essence, to peel off the layers of awareness, conscious effort that went into constructing the image. Fundamentally, each person has a preferred style of dress, one that is selected when the only person one wants to please is oneself. Textures, colors, and styles reiterate a mood or feeling that suggest some personal traits. (Kefgen & Touchie-Specht, 1971, p. 40) Various systems for the classification of personal style have been devised, such as sophisticated, romantic, sporty, classic, daring (Wallace, 1983). The manner in which we present ourselves expresses a personal philosophy. However, what is lacking is some basis for identifying why people choose what they do, what gives rise to their personal philosophy, and what does that philosophy say about them. The values found that form the basis for the personal philosophy, thereby directing other choices, will also direct clothing choices. (Kefgen & Touchie-Specht, p. 101) With clothing the subject literally closest to us, there are inner descriptors in clothing choices. The closeness to the skin reveals a closeness to the psyche. That connection will be the focus of this paper. 1.1 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to discover if temperament can be an accurate predictor for and to what extent the inborn temperament influences women’s fashion style and the process of selecting that style.. Popular sayings such as “All that glitters is not gold,” "You can’t judge a book by its cover, “Appearances can be deceiving” more than homespun wisdom, is there some basis in fact. 1.2 The Research Question The main question in this study has two parts: can the temperament of a woman be identified, and is the woman’s preferred fashion style and method of selection consistent with the characteristics of her dominant temperament and secondary temperaments? This will test the question of whether or not temperament can be used as a predictor of fashion style, and whether or not fashion style is an expression of temperament. 1.3 Subsidiary Question In addition to determining if there is a correlation between temperament and fashion style, the question can be asked about whether that relationship be affected by other factors such as environment or. Does the environment exert any influence on fashion style for the various temperaments? For example, do women who work in the fashion industry or who in some way demonstrate an exceptional interest in or sensitivity to fashion aesthetics respond differently than those who do not have that specialized interest? Does their keen interest in fashion or exposure to a fashion environment serve to override temperament preferences? 1.4 Description of Terms Appearance management – also called impression management – is the process of thinking about, deciding, and actually carrying out activities pertaining to the way one looks. It leads to the purchase and wear of clothing items, as well as processes of body modification (e.g. dieting and exercising). Appearance management is what we do to and for our bodies visually, as well as how we plan and organize these actions (for example, making decisions about attire to buy and wear and assessing the personal and social implications of such decisions. (Ka@er, 1997). Fad – A fashion that is taken up with great enthusiasm for a brief period of time; a craze. Fashion – Simmel (1904) refers to fashion as the social by-product of the opposition of the processes of conformity and individualism, of unity and differentiation, in society. (Davis, 1992, p.23) Fashion is the mode of the day; it has a transitory nature. Sometimes fashion used as a synonym for style. As the explanation of style that follows below will show, perhaps the most accurate term to use for purposes of this study is fashion style. Fashionista – a person working in or deeply involved with the high-fashion industry, such as a designer, model, photographer, buyer, writer, wearer; a devotee to clothing fashion. Personality – the total characteristics that distinguish an individual, especially his or her behavioral and emotional tendencies. (Lurie, 1981) The personality is the result of the interplay between a person’s attempts to protect, satisfy, and express himself and the surrounding world of people and things…that is, the personal relationships into which we are bom and those we enter into, the groups or organizations of the society we depend on. (Changing Perception of the Self, 2004) Many aspects of personality derive from socialization practices, reflecting the interaction between initial endowments and life experiences. (Buss 1975) Unlike temperament (as will be explained below), personality has a learned component. The hereditary component distinguishes temperament from other personality dispositions. From childhood on, experiences are accumulated which affect our thoughts, feelings, and actions. (Buss) Semiotics – its notion of code or signs is what gives the shared understandings, agreed upon meanings that are recognized in society and within ourselves. As this applies to clothing, it means that clothing has a dual role, functioning as both a tangible thing and also as a sign (Bogatyrev, 1976; Delaporte, 1980). Following Eco (1979), clothing styles and the fashions that influence them constitute something approximating a code. The code’s key terms are fabric, texture, color, pattern, volume, cut, weight, weave, stitching, transparency, silhouette, occasion, and whatever else is may be noted about clothing. (Davis, 1992) The code or signs serve to represent social values, illustrate or express personal feelings and ambitions, and depict what we wish to convey about ourselves. (Kaiser, 1997). Style – Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language states that style is the way in which anything is made or done. (p. 1415) It is a distinctive characteristic or way of expression; style in clothing describes the lines that distinguish one form or shape from another. (Kefgen & Touchie-Specht, 1986) (Kaiser, 1997) Therefore, a style of dress may be understood as to the style of the specific garment and to the overall image. Style is rooted in a woman knowing herself well enough to develop a consistent image, and then having the courage to project that image. (Klensch, 1995) Temperament – Allport (1961) calls temperament the characteristic phenomena of an individual’s nature. Temperament can be defined as stable individual differences in quality and intensity of emotion (Berk 1998) (Zippilli, 2004) Personality is acquired, but not temperament. Zippilli states that growing evidence suggests that differences in temperament are present every early in life, perhaps at birth. Others do not allow for a “perhaps,” but believe definitely that the dominant temperament, the fundamental coloring of the human personality, is inherited, innate. (Buss 1975) (Steiner, 2004) As T.S. Eliot wrote in Four Quartets, “Home is where we start from.” The temperament is “home”; from there, one goes on to form a personality. The characteristics of the temperament include one’s susceptibility to emotional stimulation, customary strength and speed of response, the quality of prevailing mood, and all the peculiarities of fluctuation and intensity of mood. The various temperaments reflect different alignments or engagements with the world. (Swoffer, 2004) Every human is has basic temperament with varying degrees of other temperaments mixed in. (Steiner) Temperament is concerned with broad personality dispositions rather than high specific acts or traits. It is more about style than content, more about expressive behavior than coping behavior, and more about what a person brings to a role or situation than what either of these demand of him. (Buss) Within the temperament concept there is the dominant temperament, which is the strongest temperament as identified, for purposes of this study, by scores on the Personality Profile. It may either be clearly the strongest temperament, or there may be a second temperament which is nearly as close. Together, they would be the dominant temperaments. Spoken of as having two. The targeted temperament is the temperament which is the focus of a particular question, the temperament that are trying to identify and isolate, in this paper, through the Style Profile. Trend The general direction in which something tends to move; a general tendency or inclination; current style; vogue: the latest trend in fashion. Types – Types refer to categories that are distinct and discontinuous – e.g. you are one or the other. Personality type theory aims to classify people into distinct categories – i.e. this type or that. Personality types are synonymous with “personality styles.” Traits – Trait is a word used to describe a consistent manner of behavior. (Kefgen & Touchie-Specht, 1981) This helps to distinguish a personality type approach from a personality trait approach, which takes a continuous approach. (Personality Types, 2004, p.l) It purports that we all possess certain traits. It’s just a question of what quantity of the trait is possessed. One can apply all descriptive traits to all humans to a greater or lesser degree. 3. Methodology 3.1 Analytical Technique and Research Design The research design was to select a sample of females from 21-60 years of age to complete two surveys dealing with temperament and fashion style; to analyze the results of both surveys and to compare the two results for each participant to determine if there is consistency in the scores. The group will be divided into two sub-group, one with a general interest in fashion and the other with an above-average interest in fashion to assess what difference there might be in the consistency of their temperament and fashion style responses. The outcome for both groups will be to leam to what extent the respondents’ choices in fashion style reflect their dominant and secondary temperaments. The decision to select a female sample does not mean that the hypothesis can be tested only with female respondents. Both the temperament and fashion style components of the study are applicable to males too; however, to include men in the study at this time would have required the creation of a second version of the Style Profile, applying the temperament model to fashion style in a way that would be relevant to men. Moreover, extensive recruitment efforts would be necessary with no assurance that ultimately the sample size would be large enough to be useful. As intriguing as the prospect is of testing the hypothesis on a population group that generally does not claim to care very much about their fashion style, such an effort is better viewed as a long-range endeavor. As it is believed that this is the first time detailed testing is being done on to explore the relationship of temperament to fashion style, it was decided to begin with females because it would be easier to recruit enough participants within a reasonable period of time. The participants were given two surveys to complete, one dealing with personality and the other dealing with fashion style. The calculation of the scores on each survey was converted into percentages that were used to rank the strength of the four temperaments on the Style Profile and the Personality Profile. In this way, it is hoped to gain new knowledge about how temperament functions in life, specifically, in relation to the exterior wrapping we choose for ourselves. 3.2 Description and Recruitment of Participants Of the 63 female respondents, 53 were Internet contacts and 10 were personal contacts. The respondents were students, homemakers, and career women. It was decided to seek volunteers aged 21 and over. It would have been easy to get participants under 21 years on this topic, especially the fashion portion. However, Kloetzli’s experience as a guest speaker in high schools for 23 years and interacting with thousands of high school students indicates that for many teenage girls, fashion has a preeminent role in their lives. Generally, teenage girls want to show that they know what styles are current; they want to fit in with their peers, even if what they wear is not the most flattering for them. Focus groups that Kloetzli has conducted with high school girls reveal that even though many of them adamantly state that they want to dress like an individual and want to have their own style, in reality, their choices end up being quite similar to one another. The teens are influenced by the same celebrities, shop at the same stores, yet maintain their vehement belief in their uniqueness. To be too far away from the trend means risking being on the outside; in the high school culture, the outside is a painful place to be. This desire does not magically disappear by the age of21; even the college environment carries some of this pressure, but somehow the reminders and measurements of popularity, approval, and acceptance are more dispersed than in the concentrated high school milieu. Two websites were used to solicit volunteers for the survey. One was Craigslist.com, with190 sites in all 50 US states and 35 countries. It provides local community classifieds and forums, a place to find jobs, housing, goods and services, social activities, advice, community information – and volunteer opportunities. (Bush, 2005, p. l) Craigslist.com was selected because over the years since its inception in 1995, it has gained the reputation of being one of the first places to look when one is searching for almost anything. The posting was placed in the “Volunteers” section of Craigslist.com in Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, San Francisco, Boston, Indianapolis, and New York. (See Appendix A.) The second website selected was Flylady.net, which provides free online personal coaching for decluttering and organizing women’s homes and lives. Although it is primarily a web and email-based endeavor, the founder, Maria Cilley, has written two books and makes several personal appearances a year, as well being a regular featured guest on a call-in radio program. Flylady.net was chosen because Kloetzli has found, as a member of the network, that the audience is participatory. They have local online chat groups and write emails to Flylady, some of which are shared with the 265,000 subscribers to her free daily e-newsletter. Various regional Flylady Yahoo groups were contacted for posting the survey invitation. Five of the group moderators rejected the invitation because the content did not pertain to the mission of the Flylady website. Other moderators were suspicious because although Kloetzli is a member of a regional Flylady Yahoo group, she had not previously posted any comments for that particular regional group. The moderator thought it inappropriate and disingenuous of Kloetzli to use her first posting as a member to ask for volunteers. It was suggested that a better approach would have been to build a relationship with the group before asking for assistance with a personal project. Other moderators were interested is receiving more information before deciding whether or not to allow the survey invitation to be posted for their groups. After email correspondence to further explain the purpose and nature of the survey, the response was supportive, with one moderator even emailing her group to give her endorsement of the project. In the end, postings were placed on some of the regional Flylady groups on Yahoo.com, including California, Alaska, Utah, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, Washington, D.C., and West Virginia. The first group of respondents, gathered from Craigsniist.com and Flylady.net, cannot be called random because the respondents self-selected their participation knowing the topic, but websites have a general audience. To test the subsidiary question that working in a fashion-related environment or having an exceptional interest in fashion affects clothing style preferences despite temperament preferences, another set of respondents was obtained from women who either work in a fashion-oriented environment or in other ways have demonstrated a heightened interest in fashion. The purpose was to see if their fashion sensibilities were influenced by osmosis or by an intentional effort to expand their fashion appreciation. Some of the Group 2 respondents were employees of FIDM/The Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising, a private, accredited college in California that specializes in degree programs leading to careers in the fashion, graphics, interior design, and entertainment industries. Both the physical environment and the working environment ofFIDM emphasize aesthetics. Additional respondents from a fashion-oriented audience came by means of the Internet. Six fashion groups on Yahoo.com were selected for the posting of the invitation to participate in the survey: Fashion-Forum; Fashion_Zone2005; FashionJFanatics; Fashion_luvers_group; and Smart_Fashion_Admirer. Of these groups, the two most active were Fashion-Forum and Fashion_Zone 2005. There was email communication with the respondents to establish their interest in participating in the study. Out of 119 inquiries, 107 confirmed their interest in participating. Twelve of the initial inquiries did not response to the introductory email that was sent. The age breakdown of the respondents (see Table 3) indicates that the greatest number of respondents were in the 21-30 age group. The respondent breakdown by source was the following: 60.3 from Flylady.net; 25.4 from Craigslist.com; and 14.3 personal contact. TABLE 1 RESPONDENTS’ AGE-RANGES AGE RANGE NO. RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE IN AGE RANGE 21-30 29 46.0 % 31-40 18 28.60 % 41 50 11 19.30 % 51 -60 5 8.80 % 3.3 Testing and Measurement Procedures The first survey sent out was the Style Profile, which contained questions that relate to the respondents’ preferences in clothing – styles, colors, fabrics. (See Appendix C.) It also included questions about their priorities when selecting clothes and their experiences connected with the process of shopping and making their clothing choices. The intent was to identify what type of clothing the respondents choose, why they choose it, and how they choose it. Half of the questions dealt characteristics of textures, textiles, colors, styles – in other words, the “what is chosen” part. The other half of the questions focused on the respondents’ level of interest in clothes, as indicated by their prioritization of clothes and their preferences in shopping (the “why it is chosen” and “how it is chosen” parts). The respondents were given the Style Profile first because that was it was thought that their eagerness to express themselves on the topic would create a positive experience completing that would be an incentive for them to go on to Part 2, the Personality Profile. The Style Profile contained 47 items pertaining to various aspects of fashion related to style and the process of making clothing choices, covering both aesthetic and practical concepts. The choice was made to name it the Style Profile instead of the Fashion Profile so that it would invite more women. Based on Kloetzli’s experience, a Fashion Profile would have caused some women to disqualify themselves from participation. It sounds more exclusive, perhaps riskier to the participant if she feels she is making herself vulnerable to any evaluations or judgments about her fashion image. Conversely, style is a more subjective, pluralistic, and safer concept. Style, broadly, is simply the way in which something is said, done, expressed, or performed. The concept of style softens the rigidity of what is “in” and what is “out” fashionwise and creates more room for personal interpretation. Hence, even women who have no interest in “fashion” can relate to “style.” The items on the Style Profile, written by Kloetzli, applied the characteristics of the four temperaments to fashion and style. A quantitative analysis alone may offer significant results, but not an explanation of why. Therefore, it was important to have a “why” based on temperament built into each item, or in the case of multiple choice, built into each answer option. The survey consisted of 41 True/False items, 4 multiple choice, and 2 short answer questions. Each True/False item was intended to focus on a specific temperament, designated as the targeted temperament. The item was written using the cognitive structure of the targeted temperament. As an example, values, based on temperament, that direct other choices will also direct clothing choices. The manner in which we present ourselves expresses a personal philosophy, which is based on temperament. If the item was written well, then, the respondent with the targeted temperament would answer True. The multiple choice items gave answer options that each represented a specific temperament. The content of responses to the short answer items would display some of the traits of the respondents’ dominant temperaments. All of the items were designed to measure if the respondents’ answers indicated traits of their dominant temperament. A combination of resources was used to establish the connection between the temperament characteristics and the specifics of the fashion selections. These included the Resource & Research Center at SWIU; Kloetzli’s expertise gained from over 25 years teaching and presenting at women’s conferences and seminars on the subject of fashion and wardrobe, in addition to being a Certified Personality Trainer; and writings of other authorities in the field who contributed to the collection of questions related to the specifics of the garments themselves. The Style Profile survey was built on Onlinesurveycreator.com. An email containing a link to the Style Profile survey was sent to the list of respondents. After the survey was completed, the respondent clicked to submit it to Onlinesurveycreator.com. The Style Profile was sent out to the confirmed respondents. Initially, the respondents had the option of completing the survey on paper or online using Onlinesurveycreator.com. The online version proved to be preferable overall because of the convenience to the user. The Internet was also an efficient way to work with the necessary number of respondents. At the beginning, the large number of inquiries received resulted in a delay in answering each one. This response time was reduced as the problem was recognized and adjustments were made to process the inquiries more efficiently. After 16 Style Profiles were sent out, completed, and reviewed, a decision was made to delete two of the items about fabrics: “Which fabrics on this list do you like the most?” This was followed by a list of 34 fabrics. Following that question was “Is there any fabric not included on the list above that you enjoy wearing?” Although a study could be made of the characteristics of fabrics and the preferences of a respondent and whether or not there are similarities in their characteristics, the item was not fruitful with the fabrics represented only as names on paper. To be an effective question, there would have to be a visual and/or tactile component as well. After the completed Style Profile was submitted. Part 2, the Personality Profile, was sent out, usually within 1-2 days after the Style Profile was received. Instructions for completing the Personality Profile were also sent. (See Appendix D.) The Personality Profile was created by Fred Littauer in 1983 and was designed to reveal a person’s dominant temperament and secondary temperament. (See Appendix E.) Approximately 300,000 copies of this questionnaire are sold per year. The constructs underlying the four temperaments were formed on the basis of the Hippocratic model of the temperament as manifested in men and women at home, in the workplace, in relationships, at play, and in many other life situations. The Personality Profile exists both in hard copy form as a brochure and as computer software. In its hard copy form, the Personality Profile provides detailed descriptions of the four adjectives given for the user to select from in answering. The computer program provides briefer descriptive phrases that cover the core characteristics. An online version of the Personality Profile was created by creating a survey at Onlinesurveycreator.com that utilized the content of the software version. (See Appendix F.) There are two versions of the Personality Profile. The original Personality Profile included references to God and the spiritual aspect of life. The version used in this study was the Marketplace edition of the Personality Profile, designed for business and education settings. It has the same information, but excludes religious references, thereby gaining a broader range of use. The Personality Profile is a single dimensional instrument measuring temperament only using 40 measures, in contrast to instruments using a multidimensional approach (e.g. covering observed behaviors, personal effectiveness traits, and other constructs). If a factor analysis were to be done on the characteristics included in the measurements, they would be placed on along five continuums on which each temperament would have its own place: introversion/ extroversion; driven/relaxed; bold/timid; methodical/impulsive; people-oriented/task-oriented; decisive; indecisive; talker/listener; adventurous/cautious; flexible/inflexible; forceful/compliant. (Coremap, p. 3) Or to even reduce it further, two fundamentals could be used: 1) the nature of the person’s reaction to life events; 2) the duration of the person’s reaction. (Diamond 1957) Tweleverespondents who completed the Style Profile did not complete the Personality Profile and so could not be included in the study. It is believed that several factors affected the completion e may have been a loss of interest or the emergence of other priorities. In fact, there ; were some technical difficulties, with some respondents being unable to retrieve their survey with the link that was emailed to them from Onlinesurveycreator.com. Sometimes they did not receive the email with the link, and the email had to be re-sent. Sometimes the email went into the spam file. In some other cases, respondents, having completed the survey, received an error notice when they attempted to submit it to Onlinesurveycreator.com. If the respondent did not submit the survey within a week or took more than 60 minutes to complete it, the survey was timed out and could not be submitted. There was the potential for frustration for the respondents if the desire to persevere was not strong enough. Another possibility is that although it was clearly stated that there was Part 1 and Part 2 to the survey, it may have seemed to some respondents that the Style Profile, the first survey, incorporated elements of personality and was complete in itself. As the various obstacles were encountered early on, more helpful instructions could be given to the additional respondents to inform them of what to expect and what to avoid. Aside from practical reasons such as technical difficulties or not enough time, another factor might have been the perception of the Personality Profile by some of the respondents, resulting in less interest in completing the survey. The response to the Style Profile was enthusiastic. Respondents were eager to respond to questions about their fashion style. Some respondents expressed their thanks for the opportunity to participate; one respondent said that the Style Profile was “fun.” Respondents enjoyed having the opportunity to express themselves on a subject of interest to them. The Personality Profile represented a different experience. Moving from the “fun” of the Style Profile, the Personality Profile dealt with a subject that required introspection and was riskier in terms of self-disclosure. Additionally, the first half of the Personality Profile was different in its emphasis than the second half. The first half focused on the strengths of the various temperaments. The second half addressed what happens when those strengths are taken to extremes, becoming weaknesses. This will be examined in Chapter V. Respondents completing the Personality Profile received a copy of “Understanding Your Personality Profile Scores.” (See Appendix G.) Part of the information in this document addresses the fact that some individuals are conditioned as children to behave in ways that are contrary to their natural and naturally preferred behaviors, so they are sometimes unaware of their natural tendencies. 3.4 Process for analysis of resulting measurements Several analyses were done on the resulting measurements. The results were analyzed to find out what percentage of the respondents answering True to a particular question on the Style Profile were of the dominant temperament that the question was designed to target (targeted temperament responses) and what percentage were of a non-dominant temperament. The True answers were counted because they are a definite statement of affiliation since the question was directed to a particular temperament, whereas a false answer could not clearly be attributed to any one temperament. To find out how successfully the item drew the respondents with the targeted temperament to it, two calculations were done. First, the number of True responses was divided by the number of total responses for the total percentage of True responses. Then the percentage of True answers that came from respondents with the targeted temperament was calculated. The results were also analyzed to see how the respondents’ temperaments as identified by the Personality Profile compared to their temperaments as identified on the Style Profile. The analysis of the data will show whether or not the dominant temperaments according to the scores of the Personality Profile are the same ones indicated on the Style Profile results. Next, the results of Group 1 will then be compared to those of Group 2 to see if either group had a higher agreement between the Personality Profile and the Style Profile. Additionally, the results of the responses of Groups 1 and 2 (the fashion-oriented group) will be analyzed with a focus on two temperaments specifically: Choleric and Phlegmatic. Choleric and Phlegmatic were selected because among the characteristics ascribed to those temperaments is a lesser interest in clothing than among the Sanguine and Melancholic. The subsets of Group 1 participants and Group 2 participants who have Choleric or Phlegmatic/as one of their dominant temperaments will be compared. The point is to see if the level of interest in fashion by these two temperaments, typically less interested in fashion, is higher since they are self-selected for the survey. Finally, an analytic comparison of the responses for Group 1 and Group 2 was done. This analysis was done to determine if there is any difference in the level of interest in or importance given to clothing by those who work in fashion environment versus those who do not. The data will be evaluated to determine if the environment exerts an influence that results in a greater interest in fashion by that temperament type than would be usual. 3.5 Limitations of the Methodology An important aspect of any test used in research is its reliability and validity. Even with its historical and contemporary use, the theory of the temperaments has its critics and controversy, as indicated earlier. Some have written about why the temperament theory, including the Hippocratic model, should not be taken seriously. Statements of unreliability were not backed up by evidence of unreliability. Some criticisms have to do with what a person is supposed to derive from the test, and some are concerned with how the results are determined. The surveys used in this study are self-reports. As with any measure, the self-report represents a trade-off between disadvantages and advantages. Self-ratings/reports lead to other kinds of error (lying, social desirability) that may cause doubt. (Buss, 1975) Self-reports are limited to older children and adults, who have the verbal comprehension and understanding of their own behavior necessary to use this method. A more serious limitation is the subjectivity of questionnaires. Subjects lie, distort, or are unaware of their own feelings, expressions, or acts. There are methods for coping with lying, distortion, and ubiquitous response sets, and the self-report can be a valuable tool in assessing emotionality. The major advantage of the self-report lies in the reporting of material that is otherwise not available. (Buss, 1975) By advertising for participants, the group becomes a self-selected body that comes together having some type of and some degree of interest in the topic. This methodology does not provide the opportunity to administer the surveys to a random group. The element of self-selection must be fully considered before deciding to proceed with that methodology. Having a group of participants with an interest in the topic means that the results will be relative if there is no random group for comparison. By creating a group within a group – Group 2 in this study, it is possible to compare and contrast two groups interested in the same topic. A second factor is that the survey was conducted primarily online, which had advantages and disadvantages. Handling it online did not allow the respondents to receive their scores, so they could not indicate whether or not they agreed with them as being an accurate representation of their temperament and fashion style. Had they been able to state to what degree they agreed with the results of the survey, it would have been a step in establishing reliability. A third factor was the length of the test. An effort was made to have each item make a substantial contribution to the data and at the same time, being aware of the potential that the respondents might not complete a survey that was too long, whether they used their computer at home or at work. There was no special incentive for them to complete the surveys in a timely manner, other than the gratification of helping a student. It would be necessary to weigh the value of adding more questions to the survey to determine if it would be preferable to risk some incomplete surveys being submitted versus fewer surveys submitted, but completed. Relying on email communication removed the possibility of communicating in real time to answer questions. An extra effort was made to clarify instructions. In addition to the instructions already printed on the test, a separate set of instructions was prepared, based on the most common types of misunderstanding by people taking the test. One objective of these supplemental instructions was to eliminate, or at least minimize, results that indicate masking. As discussed earlier, masking refers to traits that one has acquired or actually learned as a way of coping with people and/or situations in life. These may conceal the natural temperament to some extent because they are learned behaviors that have developed over a number of years. 4. Results From all the surveys that were sent out, 58.9 of the respondents completed both the Style Profile and the Personality Profile. Two-thirds of the respondents showed a dominant temperament that appeared in the two profiles. Approximately one-fifth of the respondents showed the same dominant and secondary temperaments in both profiles. Group 2, the fashion-oriented group showed higher responses than Group 1 to most items that reflected an heightened awareness of fashion and a more adventurous approach to fashion. 4.1 Personality Profile On the Personality Profile, 85.5 of the respondents had definitive profiles. (See Table 4.1.) The scores clearly indicated the dominant temperament and the secondary temperament. The remaining 14.5 had undifferentiated profiles, meaning that the dominant temperament or the secondary could not be distinguished. For example, a respondent’s the highest score was Choleric, and the second highest score was shared by Melancholic and Phlegmatic. Or, the highest score was shared by Choleric and Melancholic, and the second highest score was Phlegmatic. In one case, neither of the two dominant temperaments could be clearly identified. Specifically, the highest score was shared by two temperaments, and the second highest score was shared by two temperaments – for example, Sanguine/Melancholic and Choleric/Phlegmatic. In the first half of the Personality Profile, labeled “Strengths,” 100% of the respondents 20 questions. In the second half of the Personality Profile, labeled “Weaknesses,” e respondents completed all 20 questions. Of the 15 respondents who did not • second half, 60% answered fewer than half of the questions in that section, some few as one to three questions. TABLE 4.1 RESPONDENTS’ STYLE PROFILE & PERSONALITY PROFILE RESULTS Respondents Age Group Personality Profile Style Profile 1. Amanda 21-30 M P M S 2. Catherine 31-40 C M M C/S 3. Barb 41-50 C M M C/S 4. Kabagati 41-50 S M/P S M 5. Lucila 31-40 S M S M/C 6. Jenny 21-30 P M M S 7. Celeste 21-30 P M M S 8. Phdwd 21-30 S M/P M C 9. Gini 21-30 M P S P 10. Bridget 21-30 P M S P 11. Melissa 21-30 M P M S 12. Kate 21-30 M P S M 13. Hilary 31-40 M C M C 14. Theresa 21-30 M P P C/M 15. Sara 21-30 C S M S 16. Awilda 21-30 S M S M 17. Gail 41-50 C P M C 18. Ebony 21-30 M C M S 19. Beverlie 51-60 M C C/M/P S 20. Ramona 31-40 S M M S 21. Letty 31-40 C M M S 22. Jessie 21-30 PM C M 23. Suzanne 31-40 P M C M 24 Ayako 21-30 S M M S 25 Debra 51-60 S C/M C M 26. Kelly 21-30 M P M S 27. Kitty 21-30 M P C M 28.Sue 31-40 M P M S 29. Susan 31-40 P M C P 30. Kara 21-30 P M S M 31. Carina 21-30 C M S M 32. Wendy 31-40 M P M P 33. Francie 41-45 M C M C 34. Angle 41-50 M P S/M C 35. Tania 31-40 C S S/P C/M 36. Adrien 41-50 M C M C 37. Erica 21-30 S C S P 38. Kaye 51-60 M P M P 39. Barbara 41-50 M P C/P M 40. Michelle 31-40 P M M P 41. Carrie 21-30 M P P S 42. Francesca 41-50 P S C M 43. Kelly 41-50 S C C M/P 44. Summer 21-30 C P/S P C 45. Margo 21-30 M C M C 46. Patty 41-50 M/S C/P M S 47. Sharon 31-40 M P P C 48. Lynne 41-50 S C P C/SM 49. Sunny 21-30 S C M C/P 50. Terry 51-60 M S M C/S 51. Geri 51-60 C M C M 52. Erin 31-40 S C M S 53. Tia 21-30 C P/M C/M P 54. Kristen 31-40 S M/P C/M P 55. Christy 21-30 P M M S 56. Brandee 31-40 C S S/M P 57. Sandie 21-30 M P S M 58. Nina 21-30 C M P C 59. Dipali 21-30 C S/M M S 60. Marianne 31-40 S C S M 61. Michelle 31-40 M S M S/C 62. Caz 21-30 M P S/C/M P 63. Emily 21-30 M P S/M P Note. The profiles are to be read as the following examples indicate S C (Sanguine Choleric): The first letter represents the temperament with the highest score, therefore, the dominant temperament. The second letter presents the temperament with second highest score, therefore, the secondary temperament. P C/S/M (Phlegmatic Choleric/Sanguine/Melancholic) or S M/P Sanguine Melancholic/ Phlegmatic): The first letter represents the dominant temperament. The secondary temperament was split between the two (or three) temperaments that follow, all having equal scores. The Personality Profile instructions gave the respondents the option of skipping a question if they thought that none of the four answer options described them. At the same time, the survey instructions said to not select more than two answers, yet five of the respondents selected three or four answers for some of the items When the Personality Profile is completed, most of the checkmarks are in two columns If there are one or two checks in the remaining two columns of temperament characteristics, they can generally be ignored as insignificant. There can also be more evenly balanced scores in two columns with no checkmarks in the remaining two columns of temperament characteristics. Any test such as this can be assumed to have a 10 margin of error, for the words simply represent how the respondents perceive themselves. Normal healthy patterns are usually characterized by similar and balancing scores of strengths and weaknesses in any single column. (Littauer 1983) The respondent is able to recognize and acknowledge both strengths and weaknesses. In 12.3% of the cases, the results of the Personality Profile showed a dominant temperament and a secondary temperament that do not naturally occur together – for example, the introverted, loner Melancholic and the extroverted verbal Sanguine or the task-oriented, domineering Choleric and the easy-going, balanced Phlegmatic. There are several reasons why these pairings occur in the results, usually due to diminished self-awareness and not following the instructions or understanding the purpose of the instrument. These reasons will be discussed in Chapter V. Looking at the group as a whole, the respondents’ scores on the Personality Profile indicated the following percentages for each temperament: Sanguine – 34.9%; Choleric – 42.9%; Melancholic – 84.1%; Phlegmatic – 54.0%. This is consistent with the research results by Littauer showing an average introvert to extrovert ratio of 73% introvert (Melancholic, Phlegmatic) and 27% extrovert’(Sanguine, Choleric). (Coremap, 2005, p. 5) Separating out Group 2, the same pattern is evident: Sanguine – 30.2; Choleric – 38.1; Melancholic – 76.2%; Phlegmatic – 50.8%. 4.2 Style Profile True/false items. In analyzing these responses, it could be seen if the respondents, answered the questions according the temperament they based on how they identified themselves on the Personality Profile. In examining the three non-targeted temperaments that answered True to a given question, it was found that often the highest percentage of responses came a non-targeted temperament, sometimes from the temperament most unlike the targeted temperament. For instance, a Sanguine item would have not only a Sanguine (extroverted, impulsive) respond affirmatively, but also a Melancholic (introverted, planner, detailed) response. A Choleric would sometimes answer True to an item designed to target a Phlegmatic. The following information will be covered for each True/False item: the total percentage of respondents answering True; the percentage of total who were of the targeted temperament; the percentage of the total with non-targeted temperament, specifically, the opposite temperament; and information about how a True answer reflects the temperaments. An additional type of analysis was undertaken after it was observed that in some cases the total percentage of True answers in the Style Profile was greater than the percentage of a given temperament as scored by the Personality Profile. For instance, the percentages of True scores for some of the items in intended to target the Sanguine temperament were higher than the percentage of Sanguines that existed in the group. Consequently, the decision was made to also look at the responses of the opposite temperament. When the percentages for the targeted 5. Discussion 5.1 Item functionality and reliability issues for the Personality Profile Reliability for the Personality Profile has not been firmly established^; referenced in Chapter II, some critics have said that temperament tests are not reliable. No specific mention of the Personality Profile was made and no studies were cited that addressed the unreliability. In Kloetzli’s nine years of experience using the Personality Profile, she has found it to be a useful instrument and have been told by clients that the knowledge they received helped them interact more effectively with other job, as well as gaining insight into their own motivations and behaviors. This is regarded as anecdotal evidence. However, it is worthwhile to contemplate within the context of this study, any factors that could be a basis for claims of unreliability. Discussions and calculations of reliability of an instrument begin with the assumption that the respondent has completed the survey. A puzzling outcome of the Personality Profile results was that the second half of the profile was not completed by 26.3 of the respondents. In delving into the possible reasons, there are two main components to be examined: the Personality Profile itself and, more difficult, the mindset of the person filling out the profile. The first factor is the language of the second half of the Personality Profile. The respondent read through and answered 20 items dealing with positive characteristics, probably feeling good about herself after reflecting on her attributes. Then switched to 20 items that deal with negative characteristics. The repeated use of descriptors having negative connotations (e.g. “scatterbrained” or “lord it over others”) bluntly present one’s shortcomings. Reading and answering 20 items focusing on weaknesses can foster denial, defensiveness, and even demoralization, depending on what the respondent’s dominant temperament is. The Sanguine would enjoy the part that was fun (the first half) and would likely laughingly dismiss the second half; the Choleric would not be convinced that they are weaknesses and move on; the Melancholic would brood about all of the imperfections magnified by the second half; and the Phlegmatic would not react very much one way or the other, perhaps with a shrug of the shoulder and “Oh, well.” The description may, in fact, be accurate, but the person may not want choose that answer. Checking off the descriptor states that the respondent identifies herself with that trait and is admitting it to herself and to the person who will be seeing the answers. As mentioned earlier, Littauer maintains that a normal, healthy pattern for a respondent’s score is for approximately the same number of checkmarks to be found in both sections of the Personality Profile. Even for a respondent who believes in self-awareness and honesty, facing oneself is a challenge. The Personality Profile depends on honest self-evaluations, and the influence of social desirability can adversely affect honesty. Social desirability, the tendency to portray self in/positive light, can exist even when the person’s identity is anonymous. Kloetzli personally knew 15.9% of the participants; of the remainder, some gave only their first name and others gave both names. The respondents who did not complete the second half of the Personality Profile were Internet contacts. A second factor to consider is the format of the Personality Profile, meaning the arrangement of the items. Instead of grouping the items according to whether they deal with personal assets/strengths or weaknesses/liabilities, the negative items could interspersed with the positive. This “sandwich” technique, used by managers and anyone else who has something unpleasant to say, places the criticism/correction in between two statements that are favorable. This rearrangement may result in respondents being willing to answer more of the items about their weaknesses. If those respondents who did not complete the second could be retested using a different arrangement of the items, the retest might produce more answers to the items left unanswered the first time. Another objective is to increase the number of items without making the survey unduly long and risking the loss of interest in thoughtfully completing the entire survey since there was no form of reward attached to completing it. Special attention is also required to minimize measurement errors that can come from three sources: the respondent-specific factors such as motivation, concentration, fatigue, boredom, carelessness is marking answers; the survey-specific factors, such as the items selected for the survey (e.g. ambiguous, or in some other way, faulty items) and poor directions; and scoring-specific factors such as non-uniform scoring guidelines, carelessness, and computational errors (Wells and Wollack, 2005, p.2) 5.2 Additional Recommendations for Future Research Improvements in future research would include utilizing technology more effectively. For example, create a website where the Style Profile and the Personality Profile would “live.” The programming has already been done for scoring the Personality Profile. It would also be done for the Style Profile, after the improvements in the item quality. Individuals wanting to participate would go to the website, click on a link to the Style Profile and Personality Profile; complete the surveys, submit then, receive an automatic email with their scores, including a recap of the traits of the four temperaments for the Personality Profile, and also, as adapted for fashion, for the Style Profile. The participants would then be able to rank the extent to which they agree with the results. Instead of having to go through a third party (in this study, Onlinesurveycreator.com), more direct interaction. In future research, establish an online group for people who are taking the test and want to ask questions or understand the answers and scores Announcements could also be posted for all respondents to read. Because of the controversy in validity and reliability of this type of test, as will be discussed below, participants will have the opportunity to indicate on a designated scale Personality Profile, which will be one part of the to what degree they agree with the results of the information necessary to establish reliability. 6. Conclusions There was a demonstrated partial or complete correlation of the Style Profile and the Personality Profile scores of the majority of the respondents. To confront the problem of undifferentiated profiles, changes will be required. For the Style Profile, this means creating additional items and developing the quality of the current items to address intently the role of motivation in the temperaments’ behaviors and ridding the items of any language suggesting what the “right” answer is. With respect to the Personality Profile, helpful steps to improvement would include a better orientation for the respondents as to the purpose of the Personality Profile and how to approach it as a respondent, along with revising the arrangement of the items to remove the clustering of the negative items. One of the goals of these improvements and continued sampling is to reduce the number of undifferentiated profiles. This will require changes, including clearer instructions which, it is believed, may reduce the number of undifferentiated profiles seen in this study, and, therefore, enable to see more distinctly whether or not there are correlations between the respondents’ Personality Profile and Style Profile. In handling inquiries from potential respondents, there is a need to provide better customer service and technology to make the respondents’ participation an efficient experience for them. Once the questions are line-tuned, the next step, ideally, would be would to retest this sample group. Would be to administer the tests to a random group. It would be interesting to administer the tests to a random group of general public, not one that has been self-selected, and explore ways to do this in person instead of over the Internet as a means of comparison. The experience of participating in this study has been stimulating and the results have been encouraging. First, it is a thrilling experience to take a set of beliefs based on theory and observation and put them to the test in a way that can be quantified. Now, having now completed this fledgling foray into the formidable world of empirical research, arriving at the end only to find that, compared to the extensive testing that must be done, this effort represents just the beginning of learning what to ask and how to ask it. The net result of this research has really been to provide of map of the additional work that is required before testing another group. It has shown that there is substance to the hypothesis, and it only remains for the refinement in the instruments and the testing procedures to take place, so that testing can begin again. As a result of this study, insight has been gained about the temperaments and how they function. After studying, teaching, and training about the temperaments, new questions to ponder have emerged, revealing that there is even more depth to the temperaments. Investigating the temperaments in detail in one particular area has yielded a rich amount of information. And some suppositions have to be rethought, reformulated. Along with the successful testing of the hypothesis, comes the realization that the temperament theory is not perfect. There is much that it does help to clarify in terms of the originating motivation for behaviors. But there are also questions that are not as clearly answered, especially for adults, where the intertwining of inborn temperament and the cumulative effect of life experiences necessitates patient probing to determine what is innate and what has been acquired. An ongoing effort will be confronting the controversy about the temperament theory and labeling, which is not a controversy unique to the temperament theory. The temperament names are merely tools. They supply a vocabulary for speaking about the differences in people and understanding why a person, having his or her own temperament, finds it easier to get along with some people than others. There are characteristics that cluster. Whether or not a name is assigned to that cluster, the traits exist. The balance to be sought in understanding the temperaments lies between acknowledging the existence and pattern of the traits and that one’s dominant temperament feels like “home,” and giving that knowledge so much power so that a person adopts a fatalistic way of thinking that relinquishes any thought of attempting to grow beyond what comes naturally. As stated by Kaiser (1997) clothing is a human behavior, despite the perception by some that fashion is inconsequential. When a fashion style is considered, though, not only as an article of clothing, but also for what that clothing represents to the person wearing it, the temperament theory is a viable vehicle for understanding what affects that behavior, as well as describing, explaining, and predicting how people relate to clothing and use it in their management of their appearance. References Allport, G. W. (1937) Personality – A Psychological Interpretation. New York: Holt. Berens, L. V. (n.d.) Kiersyan Temperament Theory. 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Dr. Henry Yeh has invented a powerful theory of intelligence, known as the TotalIntelligence (TQ). TQ=SQ IQ EQ CQ XQ PQ GQ Q=(SEXPIC G)Q. The new idea shocked the world. Subsequently, he has given a lot of lectures and published these theories @to various collections.In the past decade, Intelligence Quotient (IQ) was the sole benchmark to measure a person’s future success rate. However, evidences show that it is unreliable to judge without considering other factors, such as Emotion Intelligence (EQ), etc. Dr. Yeh indicates that the 21s century is the time for “Intelligence Revolution” in which learning should be life long and from multiple sources. As for organizations, they need to “reorganize" in order to be more competitive. While they are formed by individuals, then reform should start from the individual level. Dr. Yeh’s “Human Reformation” concept covers the total aspects of human intelligence, i.e. Total Intelligence. As a matter of fact, this is grouped into four main categories, i.e. Spiritual (SQ), Soul intelligence (LQ), Physical (PQ) and Group Intelligence (GQ). Spiritual Intelligence (SQ) includes Spiritual Intelligence (SQ) and Epsilon Intelligence (EQ) while Soul Intelligence (LQ) consists of Intelligence (IQ), Emotion Intelligence (EQ), Create Intelligence (CQ) and Execute Intelligence (XQ). In other words, TQ indicates your comprehensive ability. If the development of all elements is properly coordinated, one will certain increase future success rate.He believes that TQ has immense impacts on us. The combined Spiritual, Soul andPhysical TQ training enables us to understand ourselves thoroughly and change our behavior which will simultaneously improve our interpersonal relationship. At the same time, TQ also affects achievements. Empirical researches conducted on the 95 graduates from Harvard in the 40s revealed that IQ and EQ scores have initial influences on the satisfaction level of the studied middle age group in living, interpersonal relationship, family and love, etc. It is important to instill the right attitude and opinion towards life as this will affect the TQ level. By maintaining a higher TQ, one can lives a more meaningful life.Ten Commandments for a TQ person are: 1) Faster action (Epsilon Intelligence- Q); 2)Be more generous (Spiritual Intelligence-SQ); 3) Quick thinking (Intelligence-IQ); 4)Control temper (Emotion Intelligence-EQ); 5) Less argument (Create Intelligence-CQ); 6) Increase efficiency (Executive Intelligence-XQ); 7) Work more (Executive Intelligence-XQ); 8) Speak sorter (Physical Intelligence-PQ); 9) Smile a little (Group Intelligence-GQ); and 10) Talk nicely (Group Intelligence-GQ).Apart from promoting the latest TQ theory in China, Dr. Yeh also aggressively expanded co-operation with various agencies on the offer of higher education programs. At present, there are inadequate schools in China and the entire education system is too rigid. On the other hand, the U.S. model is more flexible.Most of the universities adopt the credit system and students have the liberty to choose any course that they like. Upon completion of all required units, the students will receive the diploma and degree. Although the number of students attending universities in China is on the upward trend, it just represents a small portion of the population. In this respect, Southwest International University provides an alternative for those in China who are eager to learn and seek high quality continuous education.來自於西南國際大學教授葉亨利博士 一個強而有力的理論葉亨利博士發明了一種強大的智慧理論，被稱為全人智慧Total Intelligence (TQ) 。 TQ=SQ IQ EQ CQ XQ PQ GQ Q =(SEXPIC G)Q. 這種新的想法震驚了全世界。隨後，他提供了大量的講座，並發表了與這個理論相關的各種出版品。 在過去十年中，智商是衡量一個人未來成功率的唯一標準。然而，證據顯示，這是不可靠的判斷，未考慮其他因素，如情緒智商（情商）等。葉博士指出， 21世紀是 “智能革命” 的時候，學習應該是終身，它有多種來源。至於組織，他們需要“重新組織” ，以便更具有競爭力。因為組織是由個人組成，改革也應該從個人層面開始。葉博士的“人類改革”的概念涵蓋了全方位的人類智慧，即全人智慧。事實上，這分為四大類，即精神，靈魂，體力和群體 。精神智商包括靈性智力和情緒智力 ，而靈魂智商是由智能/智商，情感能力/情緒智商，創造智能和執行能力 。換言之， 全人智慧顯示您的綜合能力。如果適當的協調發展所有的能力，一個人一定可以增加未來成功的機率。他認為， 全人智慧對我們有巨大影響。靈魂和體力合併後的精神，全人智慧的訓練使我們對自身的認識而徹底改變我們的行為，也同時將改善我們的人際關係。與此同時，全人智慧也影響到成績。實證研究進行了95名40多歲的哈佛大學畢業生顯示，智力商數和情緒商數分數已初步影響了中年組對生活的滿意程度、人際關係、家庭和愛情等，灌輸正確的態度和對生活的意見是很重要的，因為這將影響到全人智慧的水平。維持一個較高的全人智慧，人們可以過更有意義的生活。 全人智慧的十項指標為是：1)更快速的行動（智力商數）;2)更為慷慨（靈魂商數）;3)快速思維（智力商數）;4) 脾氣控制（情緒商數）;5)更少爭論（創造商數）;6)提高效率（執行商數）;7) 更多工作（執行商數）;8)說話分類（體力商數）;9)微笑一點（群體商數） ;和第10)對話友善（群體商數） 。除了在中國推廣最新全人智慧的理論，葉博士還積極擴大合作，對各機構提供高等教育的課程。目前在中國，學校和整個教育系統過於死板;相對而言，美國的模式則比較靈活。在美國，多數大學採用學分制，學生可以自由選擇任何課程，當他們完成所有必要的單位，將獲得文憑和學位。雖然參加大學的學生人數，在中國有上升的趨勢，但它只是代表一小部分的人口。在這方面，西南國際大學提供了一個替代那些在中國渴望了解和尋求高質量的繼續教育。