Why Faith and Devotion? (1)
Faith and devotion tend to be sticking points for western practitioners.
If you are new to Buddhist practice, you may recognize yourself here:
“What’s with all the bowing?”
“Who exactly am I prostrating to?”
“All the ritual in Christianity was a turnoff, and now here it is in Buddhism.”
“When people in the world are starving, why do we waste food putting
it on altars?”
Faith
We use the words “faith” and “devotion” so often that it might
be helpful to stop and consider for a moment what they mean.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines “faith” as complete trust
or confidence, especially in a religious sense. In Christianity,
faith and devotion are offered to God or Jesus or to another
sacred figure. But, how do we think about these in the context
of a non-theistic religion like Buddhism?
In Buddhism, faith and devotion are directed toward
1) the Buddha’s awakening, 2) the Dharma, which is the truth
of his teaching, and 3) the sangha, which is the community that
practices together, and more specifically, the monastic sangha
that transmits the Dharma down through generations. These are
called the three jewels or the triple gem.
Faith in Buddhism also refers to a confidence in our own
Buddha nature. Buddha nature, or bodhicitta is our own
capacity for spiritual development and liberation. We all
have bodhicitta. Faith is a conviction to recognize our own
bodhicitta, and the bodhicitta in others.
The Buddha himself talked about faith. Faith is one of the
‘five spiritual faculties’ spoken of in the sutta pitaka. The Samyutta
Nikaya describes these faculties as:
1. faith (saddhā)
2. energy (viriya)
3. mindfulness (sati)
4. concentration (samādhi)
5. wisdom (pañña).
The five faculties are one set of qualities that the Buddha said
are conducive to enlightenment. In this sense, faith is wholesome.
However, the scriptures caution against one spiritual faculty overpowering
the other faculties. It is recommended that the five spiritual faculties be
developed in counterbalancing dyads. Faith and wisdom are one of these
dyads. They need to be kept in balance.
Someone strong in faith and weak in wisdom has unfounded
confidence. We can see this in religious fundamentalism of
all sorts. On the other hand, someone strong in wisdom and
weak in faith is cunning and clever. They may be a good debater,
but their heart is hard.
So it’s a balance of faith and wisdom that we cultivate. In the
Anguttara Nikaya the Buddha tells us to balance our spiritual
faculties the same way we would tune a musical instrument –
not too tight, not too loose. Faith that is too tight, that is not
balanced by wisdom, is blind faith. This is not wholesome.
In the Kalama sutta the Buddha himself argues against "blind
faith". He cautioned against believing something simply because
of authority, tradition, scripture, or reasoning.
But we have to start somewhere. There has to be a little faith
in the very beginning to even get started on the path. Otherwise, why
even start to practice? Maybe some people explore the Dharma
out of curiosity. But I think if we look more deeply, underneath that
curiosity is a seed of faith-faith that transformation of suffering is
possible.
Your faith in the beginning may be very small. You may ask
“Are the teachings really true?”
“Is the sangha really important?”
“Did the Buddha really attain nirvana?”
“Could I ever attain enlightenment?”
For me, my faith was sparked the first time I saw a bikkhuni.
She was so beautiful and happy. I could tell she knew how
to lead a good life. I wanted to live a life like her. She inspired
my faith in the Buddha’s teachings. Now I entrust myself to the
triple gem.
There are those among us who have very strong faith, a strong
tree that can withstand terrible storms. For some of us, faith is
still a tiny seed that needs to be watered. So how do we water
and nurture our seed of faith? Many ways. One way is with devotion.
(to be continued)
(This is a Dharma talk composed by Jennifer Wheeler and
Julie Wagner)